Carlos Magnus, Charlemagne, or the ‘Father of Europe’, was the first western Holy Roman Emperor after the collapse of the Roman Empire.

He is my 33 x great-grandfather.

This article is not meant to be an exhaustive description of the life and times of Charlemagne. If that’s what you’re looking for, consult a history book or encyclopedia. My intent here is to record the family ties to my family tree. I have also picked some events which are interesting because they link to other family-related stories.

He was born on 2 April of either 7421 2 3, 7444 or 7475, or 7486 in Aachen7 8. He is the first9 son of Pippin III10 11, also known as Pepin the Short12 13, and Bertrada of Laon14 15 16. He inherited the Carolingian dynasty from his father17.

Titles

On 9 October 76818 he became King of the Franks19 20 upon the death of his father21. The coronation was in Noyon, France22.

A portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Durer - Nuremberg, Germany Archive Photos/Getty Images
Charlemagne, by Albrecht Dürer, 1512 (Getty images)

From 5 June 77423 he became King of the Lombards24 25 26.

At the time, Rome was under threat as a centre of Christianity with the rise of Constantinople27. Church elders branded Pope Leo III a heretic and accused him of adultery. Charlemagne held a council in Rome in November 800 which ruled in Leo’s favour28 29. This led to a dangerous precedent – can a human ruler have authority over the Pope? Leo decided to reverse the balance of power by bestowing a title on Charlemagne30, and not any title either.

On 25 December 800 Pope Leo III crowned him Holy Roman Emperor31 32 33 in St Peter’s Basilica in Rome34. He became the first non-Roman Emperor in Europe35.

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Family

Charlemagne married several times and had 20 children, some of whom were illegitimate36.

Given his fecundity and given the 1 300 year gap, almost everyone European today can trace their ancestry back to Charlemagne.

In 76637 or 768, he had a concubine by the name of Himiltrude38 39 but some sources refer to her as a wife40. They had 1 son, Pippin the Hunchback41 42.

A painting depicting Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor, December 25, 800.
Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne emperor, December 25, 800.

He had 5 other known concubines43:

  • An unnamed mistress, who gave birth to a daughter, Ruodhaidem.
  • Madelgard, who gave birth to a daughter, Rothildis.
  • Gerswinda, who gave birth to a daughter Adaltrud.
  • Regina, who gave birth to 2 sons:
    • Drogo, born in 801.
    • Hugh, born in 802.
  • Adelindis, who had one son Theodoric, born in 807.

I list the concubines in this order based on the known or likely dates of birth of their children. There is nothing to state that Charlemagne had only one concubine at a time, or that this is the specific order in which he had relations with them.

It’s worth noting that concubinage was not frowned upon at the time. Teutonic customs treated this sort of thing as normal, even if it was not approved by the Church44.

A photo of a statue of Charlemagne - Paris, France
A statue of Charlemagne – Paris, France

In 76845 or 76946 or 770 he married Desiderata47 48 who some sources called Gerperga, the daughter of Desiderius, King of the Lombards49 50. This was a political move to secure the delicate equilibrium in Italian politics which was in place ever since Charlemagne’s father had allied himself with the papacy51. His mother negotiated the marriage and brought her back home for Charlemagne52. He repudiated the marriage year later and sent Desiderata back to her father53 54 when he decided to attack the Lombards55 56.

In 77157 he married the 13-year old Swabian58 Hildegard of Vinzgouw59 60, also known as Hildegard of Savoy61. Their marriage lasted till 78362 or 78463 till her death64. Together they had 9 children65 66:

  • Charles the Younger, born in 772 or 773, who became King of Neustria.
  • Adelaide, born in Italy in 773 or 774 during the siege of Pavia. She died 11 months later.
  • Rotrude, born sometime in 775.
  • Carloman, born in 777, known as Pepin, and who became King of Italy.
  • Louis I, born in 778, who became King of Aquitaine in 781, and later inherited the Empire.
  • Lothair, who was a twin with Louis.
  • Bertha, born in 779 or 780.
  • Gisela, born in 781.
  • Hildegarde, born in 783 and who died after 40 days.
A photo of Charlemagne's cathedral - Aachen, Germany
Charlemagne’s cathedral – Aachen, Germany

In Worms67, Germany, in 783 he married Fastrada for 11 years68 69 70. Together they had 2 children71:

  • Theodrada, born in 785.
  • Hiltrude, born in 787.

In 79472of French sovereigns; Royal Tombs; (Retrieved 2024-05-21) )), or the autumn of 79673 he married Luitgard for 6 years74, and they never had children75 76.

He never re-married after that.

He focused on educating his children and made sure his sons had appropriate titles and positions. He was mindful of any threats to the family from outsiders so he forbid his daughters from ever marrying77 78. Some of them did marry but into the family; for example, Rotrude married Ranulf of Maine. This could have been to preserve family inheritance.

Notable events

A photo of the Marble throne believed to have been used by Charlemagne, - Aachen, Germany.
The Marble throne believed to have been used by Charlemagne – Aachen, Germany.

History remembers Charlemagne for many deeds, including his conquests and expansion of the Frankish kingdom, and his efforts to promote education and culture79, despite being illiterate80. Historians sometimes call this cultural revolution the Carolingian Renaissance81. At the time, he organized education into two streams82:

  • The Trivium of Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric.
  • The Quadrivium of Maths, Geometry, Music and Astronomy.

Apart from education, the importance of culture means that people started to preserve more texts than ever before. Only 265 books existed before Charlemagne, but his support of the arts meant that scribes preserved and copied out 7 000 texts by the time he died83. Indeed, many Roman books we still have only exist because Charlemagne’s world encouraged this preservation84. A side effect of all this is a new standard for writing, which persists up till today, namely85 86:

  • Spacing between words
  • Upper and lower case
  • Punctuation

Politics

Charlemagne at court

His renewal of the Roman Empire has been the basis for the ideology of a united Europe ever since87. We can also trace the histories of the modern-day nation states of France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands back to the division of his empire after his death.

It is also why he is called the “father of Europe.”

His military campaigns led to him being the greatest conqueror of his time88. This was in part fueled by the need to conquer and plunder his victims, but there was a drive to spread Christianity throughout Europe89. His methods were brutal, with many stories about the way he and his armies worked:

  • The Massacre of Verdun where he assassinated thousands of Saxons over decades90.
  • He conquered the Lombards in 77391.
  • The defence of Pope Leo III, and re-establishment of Leo as Pope in Rome92.
  • He conquered Germanic Bavaria and Saxony, installing a military presence in these borderlands93.

It wasn’t all gory; his diplomatic efforts and peace treaties ensured his enemies along the frontiers of the Kingdom wouldn’t attack him94. It went beyond Europe; he exchanged gifts with Caliph Haroon al-Rashid in Baghdad95. He knew when to wield the sword, and when to sit and talk.

Commemoration

Charlemagne and his accomplishments are commemorated by the city of Aachen, Germany awards the International Charlemagne Prize every year to whomever has done service towards European reunification.

In fiction and media

Keanu Reeves and Charlemagne

The strangest and funniest item I found was the wild conspiracy theory that Hollywood actor Keanu Reeves is immortal, and that he was Charlemagne. This is based on the above image of Charlemagne which does bear a slight resemblance to Mr Reeves.

Charlemagne is also in our hands more often than we think because he is the King of Hearts in a standard deck of playing cards96. He’s sometimes called the suicide king because the King of Hearts seems to be stabbing himself in the head.

Death

In January 814, Charlemagne became ill after bathing in the warm springs in Aachen97, present-day Germany. He died within a week, at 9:00 am98 on 28 January 81499 100 101 102. His family buried him in his own cathedral at Aachen103 104.

His death left a huge void for his descendants to fill. The wars of Carolingian succession – including the Battle of Fontenoy – meant that Charlemagne’s empire crumbled after his death.

References

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